That’s my last Duchess painted on the wall,
Looking as if she were alive. I call
That piece a wonder, now: Fra Pandolf’s hands
Worked busily a day, and there she stands.
Will `t please you sit and look at her? I said
“Fra Pandolf” by design, for never read
Strangers like you that pictured countenance,
The depth and passion of its earnest glance,
But to myself they turned (since none puts by
The curtain I have drawn for you, but I)
And seemed as they would ask me, if they durst,
How such a glance came there; so, not the first
Are you to turn and ask thus. Sir, `twas not
Her husband’s presence only, called that spot
Of joy into the Duchess’ cheek: perhaps
Fra Pandolf chanced to say “Her mantle laps
Over my lady’s wrist too much,” or “Paint
Must never hope to reproduce the faint
Half-flush that dies along her throat”: such stuff
Was courtesy, she thought, and cause enough
For calling up that spot of joy. She had
A heart — how shall I say? — too soon made glad,
Too easily impressed; she liked whate’er
She looked on, and her looks went everywhere.
Sir, `twas all one! My favor at her breast,
The dropping of the daylight in the West,
The bough of cherries some officious fool
Broke in the orchard for her, the white mule
She rode with round the terrace — all and each
Would draw from her alike the approving speech,
Or blush, at least. She thanked men — good! but thanked
Somehow — I know not how — as if she ranked
My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name
With anybody’s gift. Who’d stoop to blame
This sort of trifling? Even had you skill
In speech — which I have not — to make your will
Quite clear to such an one, and say, “Just this
Or that in you disgusts me; here you miss,
Or there exceed the mark” — and if she let
Herself be lessoned so, nor plainly set
Her wits to yours, forsooth, and made excuse
– E’en then would be some stooping; and I choose
Never to stoop. Oh sir, she smiled, no doubt,
Whene’er I passed her; but who passed without
Much the same smile? This grew; I gave commands;
Then all smiles stopped together. There she stands
As if alive. Will `t please you rise? We’ll meet
The company below, then. I repeat,
The Count your master’s known munificence
Is ample warrant that no just pretense
Of mine for dowry will be disallowed;
Though his fair daughter’s self as I avowed
At starting, is my object. Nay, we’ll go
Together down, sir. Notice Neptune, though,
Taming a sea horse, thought a rarity,
Which Claus of Innshruck cast in bronze for me!
1842
March 29, 2007 at 10:15 pm
We never discussed this poem in depth in class, but I had made some notes in my book. I think that that wife was cheating on the husband, and he had her killed. If you look at line where it discusses the flush in her face (Sir, `twas not/ Her husband’s presence only, called that spot/ Of joy into the Duchess’ cheek), I gathered that she was excited by other men besides her husband, and gradually he began to catch on and had her killed out of jealousy I’m guessing. (Oh sir, she smiled, no doubt,/ Whene’er I passed her; but who passed without/ Much the same smile? This grew; I gave commands;/T hen all smiles stopped together.) Cool poem, good lesson, I think that’s all I have to say.
March 30, 2007 at 1:27 am
At the end of the poem, Robert Browning mentions Neptune–the Roman god of the sea and also the god of horses, Neptune Equestor. By knowing this it becomes very clear that there are parallels between the lines “Neptune, though, Taming a sea horse” and “the bough of cherries some officious fool Broke in the orchard for her, the white mule she rode with round the terrace.” On July twenty-third every year, Italians would gather and built huts or umbrae’s out of branches for the festival of Neptunalia. They would spend the day and even the night in them, this was to assure that Neptune would make it rain, since he is the god of the sea he controlled the water. He also was Netune Equestor–this was because his chariot was pulled by sea horses–therefore, he controlled what horses do. That is why temples for him were built near horse racing tracks. In the poem, his wife was wearing a “bough of cherries”, and she was riding a mule. Neptunalia did not mention which branches were collected, however, many cherries are grown in Italy, making it a possible common branch to be used. Also the Duke’s wife was riding a mule, not a hore, but the similarity is very ironic. The Duke wanted to control his wife with the bough or branches on her head while riding a mule, while Neptune controlled the festival with the branches and controlled the horses. So by Neptune taming his sea horse, the Duke compared himself to him by “taming” his wife.
http://www.mmdtkw.org/VNeptunalia.html
Paragraph 1: Neptunalia
Paragraph 4: Neptune Equestor
March 30, 2007 at 6:27 pm
After reading this poem, I decided to do a little research on google about its meaning. I found an overview which puts it into a more understandable light. The speaker in the poem is the Duke of Ferrara. While speaking to an emisary, he is giving a tour through his home. On the tour, they stop in front of a painting of his late wife. He bagins to reminice about her, and in doing so, reveals that he may in fact ahve been the one to arrange for her death because she looked at other men to often. Eventualy, the duke continues the tour as if nothing had happened. This poem is interesting because of how nonchalant the duke was with the death of his wife. Although he never actualy admits to the act, his speech about how she had not appreciated what he had given her such as his “gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name” lead to the conclusion of a jealous murder.
March 30, 2007 at 6:32 pm
sorry, I forgot to put the site I used in my comment in above. The site was:
http://www.sparknotes.com/poetry/browning/section3.rhtml
March 30, 2007 at 11:49 pm
It seems as if the duke was unhappy about how easily amused the duchess was. As a duke, he probably found things like his property, power, and name to be important, whereas it didnt take big things like that to satisfy the duchess. She was probably lonely in life with him, which was the reason why she was unfaithful.
“She had
A heart–(how shall I say?)–too soon made glad,
Too easily impressed; she liked whate’er
She looked on, and her looks went everywhere.
Sir, ’twas all one! My favour at her breast,
The dropping of the daylight in the West,
The bough of cherries some officious fool
Broke in the orchard for her, the white mule
She rode with round the terrace–all and each
Would draw from her alike the approving speech,
Or blush, at least.”
She seems to have been much more free spirited than he in a time in which that was not common for women, especially those married to men in power.
“This grew; I gave commands;
Then all smiles stopped together.”
Again, this goes along with the idea that she was more free spirited and didnt want to be controlled. He tried to change her by giving commands but it just made her unhappy and made him crazy enough to kill her.
Source: http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/rb/pva264.html
April 1, 2007 at 11:30 pm
I found the “supposedly” historic background to this poem. The Duke of Ferrara is based on Duke Alfonso II, the last Duke of Ferrara. The Duchess is Lucrezia d’Medici, a member of the ruling family of Florence. It seems as if the Duke looks down upon his wife, since the Medicis had only gained power in 1530, while the Este family, which the Duke Alfonso belonged to, had ruled since 1240. This is seen in the lines “She thanked men — good! but thanked/Somehow — I know not how — as if she ranked/My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name/With anybody’s gift.”
The Duke possibly had the Duchess killed because she treated him the same as she treated other men, a great slight to nobility in those days.
April 1, 2007 at 11:33 pm
Oops, forgot my sources:
http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/Guides3/MyLast.html#Top
http://tuscany-toscana.info/history_of_the_medici_family.htm
http://www.bartleby.com/65/es/Este-fam.html
April 2, 2007 at 5:23 am
When I read this poem I noticed right away that it mentioned the painting of the duchess and I grew very curious as to what she might look like. The greater first half of the poem references to the painting and how the painter was trying to capture all of her essence, but couldn’t quite do it. “Paint must never hope to reproduce the faint half-flush that dies along her throat.” The Duke talks of her look “How such a glance came there…She looked on, and her looks went everywhere,” that is captured in her painting, which may also stand for multiple meanings: seduction, awareness of men looking at her, challenging and teasing. With all this said, I looked for a possible image to go along with this poem and I found two possible candidates:
1.) http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bump/E392M/SJ/Browning’s_Own_Poem_My_Last_Duchess.html
2.) http://guilds.outpost10f.com/~poetry/poetry/browning.html
After looking at these images I went back and re-read the poem. This time it was different to have an image in mind and gave more feeling to the poem. The look on the Duchesses face is what caused the Duke to be suspicious, which led to his jealousy. A picture can say a thousands words and apparently this applies to this painting as well.
April 3, 2007 at 12:42 am
What I noticed about this poem was the sense of ownership of women. The Duke talks about the duchess as if she were his property. He was upset that she was amused by things other than just him. The duke even has a curtain over her picture which in a way made so that her presence was only there when he wanted it to be. The name of the poem my LAST duchess suggests that there may have been a succession of duchesses that he had this problem with. Also he hints in his last few lines to the servant of man whose daughter he plans to marry next, that if this new girl acts the same way she will meet the same fate because he has the power to do that and will.
April 4, 2007 at 1:58 am
Since this story is based on the Duchesses adulterous ways, I decided to do some research on adultery, including it’s definition, history, and it’s current application to the law.
ADULTERY:
Definition: Adultery is voluntary, consensual sexual intercourse or activity by a married person with someone other than their legal spouse. (http://marriage.about.com/od/infidelity/g/adultery.htm)
History of Adultery, and Adultery Today:
–In Ancient Rome, adultery was punishable by death. The father of the adulterous wife was permitted to kill his daughter and the person that she committed the adultery with. The husband of the cheater was sometimes allowed to kill the wife, and it was required that at he at least divorce her. (http://marriage.about.com/od/infidelity/g/adultery.htm)
–In the Bible, adultery is forbidden in the 7th Commandment of the Ten Commandments. (http://www.cheatingspousepi.com/history-of-infidelity-adultery.php)
–In Puritan Mass in 1641, adultery was still punishable by death, as described in the story of Mary Latham, an 18 year old girl who was killed for her infidelity. (http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/adultery.htm)
–States today differ on laws regarding adultery. Although many laws are still on the books, few are ever actually practiced. Although adultery does make it easier to get a divorce in many areas. A list of state laws regarding adultery can be found here: http://christianparty.net/adulterylaws.htm you will see that some states go as far as having prison sentences the punishment for the crime, while others forbid the adulterer from ever holding public office.
–In some Islamic countries, infidelity is still punishable by death. (http://www.answers.com/topic/adultery)
–In the Military, adultery is not allowed, however it is not punished under the “Uniform Code of Military Justice” which governs everything else to do with military marriages. Instead, it is prosecuted under “Article 134″, also known as the “General Article”. However, it is very difficult to convict, because one of the three elements needed is proof that the act harmed the military in some way. (http://usmilitary.about.com/od/justicelawlegislation/a/adultery.htm)
–Adultery has sometimes been used as a defense in court. Someone murders someone and claims that it was because their spouse committed adultery. However, the courts are very unlikely to allow this as a valid defense, and generally it doesn’t work. (http://www.answers.com/topic/adultery)
Adultery has typically been a religious issue. Most religions have voiced their opinions on the issue, and it is generally very frowned upon. It was adopted into law upon most legislatures beginning. However, it is generally not enforced, and people are prosecuted for it hardly ever.
I hope that this information is helpful, as it pertains a lot to the poem. The Duke was very jealous of his wife’s suspected infidelity. Although I am sure at the time of the poem, there were laws on the books forbidding cheating, he decided to take another route and kill her. Had it been even further in the past, this may have been legal, however it clearly is not the case today.
April 4, 2007 at 7:11 pm
Hello all.
I decided that it would be lovely to learn a bit about the author, Robert Browning, so google helped me out with that.
(paraphrasing here):
Born on May 7, 1812, to parents who were well read and well educated. He was said to have been taught to read by the age of five by his father. He later learned Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, Italian, and Spanish, quite an impressive feat. He penned his first work at the age of 12, Incondita, however, his parents were not successful in getting it published.
Although he attended the University of London for a period of time in 1828, he did not believe he was learning at a fast enough pace and left after a short while. Anonymously, Browning published his first poem, Pauline, and shortly after, Sordello, which was not well recieved.
Robert Browning also attempted to write several plays, all of which were quite unsuccessful.
After meeting Elizabeth Barrett in 1844, the couple were wed in 1846. Elizabeth, unfortunately, died in 1861 when their son, Robert “Pen” Browning, was only 12 years old. Pen and Browning returned to London.
In 1868 he finally gained respect for The Ring and the Book.
After that, “The Browning Society was founded while he still lived, in 1881, and he was awarded honorary degrees by Oxford University in 1882 and the University of Edinburgh in 1884. Robert Browning died on the same day that his final volume of verse, Asolando, was published, in 1889″
I found this information on his life to be very interesting, as I believe a lot of what an author writes can be better understood and interpreted when his or her background is understood. Browning appeared to have led quite a privileged life, which seems to be much different than many other famous authors.
http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/182
April 4, 2007 at 9:02 pm
The part the stuck out the most to me was this:
“She thanked men — good! but thanked
Somehow — I know not how — as if she ranked
My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name”
This part of the poem gave me the impression that the Duke thought he had a higher social status than the Duchess. He thought she should feel honored that he chose her to marry, but she wasn’t; she looked at other men and this made the Duke angry.
April 4, 2007 at 10:31 pm
I thought I would take a stab at the tone of the narrator, being the duke. Browning does a very good job making the tone of the narrator seem like he were having a conversation with us. Browning uses many different tools to create the impression that we are having a discussion with the Duke. He uses devices such as contractions (like That’s and Will ‘t), parentheses, broken trains of thought that recur later, random successions of arguments and illustrations, and abrupt changes of direction. Throughout the poem the Duke gives us more information than needed. This, however, gives us a better view of who the Duke is and the kind of person that he is. Browning also gives us insight into the Duke’s thoughts and feelings by breaking up the writing with dashes (-) which are used to represent the Duke’s thoughts.
April 4, 2007 at 10:37 pm
Accidentally hit enter soooo here’s what i meant to finish with
.
Who’d stoop to blame
This sort of trifling? Even had you skill
In speech – (which I have not) – to make your will
Quite clear to such a one, and say, “Just this
Or that in you disgusts me; here you miss
Or there exceed the mark”- and if she let
Herself be lessoned so, nor plainly set
Her wits to yours, forsooth, and made excuse
- E’en then would be some stooping; and I choose
Never to stoop.
I think Browning’s decision to use the Duke as the narrator was very intelligent and made the poem have a lot of more feeling to it. WE could relate more to this poem because, in essence, we were brought into his mind with all the dashes and the parantheses. This was key because if it were written any different way it would lose a lot of its meaning. The conversation that we have with the Duke makes the poem more personal effectively making us think about what an ass this Duke is. Here’s the link that helped me with this poem: http://mason.gmu.edu/~lsmithg/275duchess.htm#that. Pce,
Greg
April 4, 2007 at 10:43 pm
After having read this poem, I was forced to think of the Tudor family and their affairs with the King of England. I read a few historical fiction books this summer about the family, and the way Browning describes the Duchess really reminds me of the way Anne Boleyn is described: http://tudorhistory.org/boleyn/ Here’s a portrait of Anne which is similar to the one of the Duchess that Aly found: http://tudorhistory.org/boleyn/annebmin.jpg
Also, the poem is very telling of how women were treated in those days by any man of power. In Anne’s case, she was hanged for not being able to produce a male heir, although the “real reason” was for treason. The Duchess of Ferrara seems to have suffered the same fate, although hers was probably due to suspected adultery. I doubt, however, that she actually was an adulterer, but rather I think she simply enjoyed living. I believe that the Duke was simply jealous of how full of life she was, taking pleasure in the smallest things, and so he snapped and had her murdered. I can’t help but wonder what the kingdom’s reaction was to that, as it sounds like she was an incredibly popular woman.
April 5, 2007 at 3:46 am
I think that the Duchess was right in her actions. Who in their right mind would want to be commited to someone who treats them as a mere possession? The Duke deserved being a bit humiliated by his Duchess as she cheated on him because of the way he thought of and treated her as his wife.
The Duke states “She had/ A heart — how shall I say? — too soon made glad,/ Too easily impressed; she liked whate’er/ She looked on…” By saying this, he is admittingly stating that the Duchess married him because she was impressed, but also suggests that all he had to offer was his name. If she was so “easily impressed,” then that goes for how she felt about him as well. He clearly had nothing more than a name to offer, which is the underlying reason that the Duchess got bored with him and looked for something more. At least the days that she did live, she was enjoying herself, as opposed to being miserable for her entire lifetime with the Duke. I think she may have known the potential consequences of her actions, because as was previously posted, adultery was a forbidden action in those days. Having a better time with the chance of being killed was worth the risk to the Duchess.
April 5, 2007 at 5:24 pm
Alright, since I am getting to this late, I have rather slim pickings for what to discuss, but i thought the actual form of the poem would be pretty interesting.
Browning writes this in Iambic Pentameter, which is normally pretty easy to read, it’s the way Shakespeare wrote his works. But since he broke it into 28 rhymed couplets, it made it, for me atleast, alittle more difficult to read. You had to focus more, instead of just going from rhyme to rhyme as some people do when writing poetry.
Browning wrote this as though the Duke has just pulled the cover off the painting, and is describing it to a man standing there. He waits untill almost the end to actually give the listener an identity.
“The Count your master’s known munificence
Is ample warrant that no just pretense
Of mine for dowry will be disallowed;
Though his fair daughter’s self as I avowed
At starting, is my object. Nay, we’ll go”
The listener is a messanger sent from a Count. The Duke wishes to arrange a marriage with this Count’s daughter. Though it is odd that the Duke would be showing this painting and hinting that he murdered his former wife on suspicons of murder to the messanger, it is assumed the messanger would just run back to his master and inform him of everything he heard. But, seeing as rumors were probably flying around everywhere any, the Duke probably figured he should just acknowledge it.
That was fun.
John
April 5, 2007 at 5:31 pm
After reading this poem, I got to thinking that maybe the Duchess didn’t want to marry the Duke, and that it was an arranged marriage, so I decided to do some research into that.
An arranged marriage is a marriage when a person marries someone that their parents chose for them to marry. Arranged marriages are not all to common anymore. Most arrange marriages now-a-days take place in the Middle East, Africa and Asia. There are 5 types of arranged marriages.
1. Forced Marriage- this is when parents will choose their son or daughter’s spouse with out any input from them. If the son or daughter refuses, they may be punished, or even killed.
2. Traditional Arranged Marriage (not forced) – this is when the parents will choose a potential spouse with some input from their son or daughter. If the son or daughter does not like the potential spouse, the parents will usually respect their wishes, and move on to another spouse.
3. Modern Arranged Marriage- this is when the parents will choose several potential spouses and the son or daughter’s wishes are more respected. The families will usually meet, and the couple will usually have a short date. The son or daughter will usually get to choose who they want to marry, although there will be a certain amount of pressure to choose who the parents think is acceptable.
4. Modern Arranged Marriage with courtship- this is the same as the modern arranged marriage, although there is usually an long period of phone calls, emails, and dates before the son or daughter makes the decision.
5. Introduction only marriage- this is when the son or daughter will be introduced to their potential spouse. Then the parents will talk to the parents of the potential spouse. From there, it is up to the couple to make the choice.
After seeing all these types, I feel that the Duchess had forced marriage, because she would look at other men, leading me to believe that she didn’t really love the Duke, she just married him to avoid punishment from her family.
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arranged_marriage
April 5, 2007 at 7:03 pm
I found this great website that applies a number of modern critical theories to this poem by Robert Browning. The one that I chose to focus on was the feminist theory which I believe is very interesting. For example, for the following passage:
I call
That piece a wonder, now: Frà Pandolf’s hand
Worked busily a day, and there she stands.
the feminist theory “demonstrates that only “now,” after a passage of time, the Duke has forgotten the woman he had to dispose of and is free to admire the virtuosity of the (male) painter who has transcribed that woman’s chief commodity, her beauty, in a less threatening form”
It is interesting to think that the Duke would have felt threatened by the woman simply because of her beauty. It is also interesting to think that the portrait of the last duchess could be seen as a symbol of compliance in marriage.
Now, a look at another passage:
That’s my last Duchess painted on the wall,
Looking as if she were alive.
For this passage, the feminist view states that “The Duke implies to the Count’s envoy that the painting is superior to the original because the (male) artist has infused the face with an earnestness and depth of passion that the lady herself lacked.”
This is very similar to other poems of the time in which women were portrayed as subservient to men. For this reason it is interesting to think of a painting as a way to show that man is superior to women.
April 5, 2007 at 7:04 pm
I forgot to add the website where i found this info at, but you can find the info at:
http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/rb/pva264.html
April 5, 2007 at 9:06 pm
It seems to be that the Duchess was a “cocquette”. I gathered from many lines in the poem that she was definately a flirt, however there was nothing to make me believe she was an adultress. She smiled at other men and it gave her a rush but there’s no harm no foul if you look but don’t touch in my opinion. The Duke appears to be a jealous man who had her killed for her flirtatious ways.